Crum, Shannon L.; PhD
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, 2000
GEOGRAPHY (0366); MASS COMMUNICATIONS (0708)
This project undertook a multi-scale analysis of the spatial nature of the Internet,
ranging from
metropolitan regions to international urban systems, through the lenses of four
separate but interrelated
questions. First, is it possible to characterize the Internet's development
with regards to urban, regional,
or national systems to better understand the spatial implications of and reasons
for its growth? Second,
to what degree does Internet penetration mirror other forms of media? Is the
Internet really a
“new” medium or has it merely subsumed older forms? Third,
how are the economics of
the information society related to Internet penetration in cities of a range
of sizes? Was the spatial
structure of the Internet driven by economic forces or the historical chance
of being an early ARPANET
node the more important determinant of a region's location in the hierarchy
of Internet connectivity and
use? Finally, to what degree do institutional and political factors like infrastructure
support,
telecommunications policies, and geopolitical borders influence the spatialities
of the internet at local,
regional, national, and international scales? The study found that factors influencing
the spatial
expression of the Internet vary considerably by region and by scale. In the
United States, a distinctive
hierarchy of urban places emerges, but it is one that is very different from
pre-existing economic or
political urban hierarchies. In an opposite trend, in the rest of the world
the pre-existing urban hierarchy,
especially as it pertains to the “global” cities with extensive
economic power and reach,
mirrors the development of the Internet. Significantly different institutional,
political, cultural, and
infrastructural foundations existed in the United States than in most other
places, and that these factors,
particularly the infrastructural and political, were far more important than
generalized economic conditions
for characterizing the diffusion of Internet technologies. Also, media penetration
correlated strongly with
internet adoption at a national level. More important than generalized “media”
was the
type, perhaps reflecting a cultural tendency to adoption. Finally, the structure
of peering agreements
reinforces a U.S.-centered Internet, as it is frequently less expensive for
countries to route traffic through
the U.S. rather than directly to its destination.
Social
Systems Simulation Group
P.O. Box 6904 San Diego, CA 92166-0904 Roland Werner, Principal Phone/FAX (619) 660-1603 |